1919, the year of racial violence: how African Americans fought back

World War I and the new Negro movement

"We return fighting": the first wave of armed resistance

Fighting a mob in uniform: armed resistance in Washington, D.C.

Blood in the streets: armed resistance in Chicago

Armed resistance to the courthouse mobs

Armed resistance to economic exploitation in Arkansas, Indiana, and Louisiana

"It is my only protection": federal and state efforts to disarm African Americans

The fight for justice: the arrests and trials of black and white rioters

The fight for justice: the death penalty cases

Fighting Judge Lynch

Conclusion: 1919's aftermath and importance in the black freedom struggle.