Combatting child abuse: international perspectives and trends

I. Child protective orientation.

United States: California's reporting system

Canada: Trends and issues in child welfare

England: Child abuse reports, responses, and reforms.

II. Family service orientation

mandatory reporting.

Sweden: Towards a deresidualization of Swedish child welfare policy and practice?

Denmark: Voluntary placements as a family support

Finland: Child abuse as a family problem.

III. Family service orientation

nonmandatory reporting.

Belgium: An alternative approach to child abuse reporting and treatment

The Netherlands: Responding to abuse

compassion or control?

Germany: A nonpunitive model

Conclusion: A comparative perspective.